Should
In modern English the modal verb should is used with reference to the present or future. It remains unchanged in reported speech.
Should has the following meanings:
1. used to show what is right, appropriate, etc, especially when criticizing somebody's actions:
e.g. You shouldn't drink and drive.
He should have been more careful.
A present for me? You shouldn't have! (= used to thank somebody politely)
2. used for giving or asking for advice:
e.g. You should stop worrying about it.
Should I call him and apologize?
I should wait a little longer, if I were you.
3. used to say that you expect something is true or will happen:
e.g. We should arrive before dark.
I should have finished the book by Friday.
The roads should be less crowded today.
4. used to say that something that was expected has not happened:
e.g. It should be snowing now, according to the weather forecast.
The bus should have arrived ten minutes ago.
5. (British English, formal) used after I or we instead of would for describing what you would do if something else happened first:
e.g. If I were asked to work on Sundays, I should resign.
6. (formal) used to refer to a possible event or situation:
e.g. If you should change your mind, do let me know.
In case you should need any help, here's my number.
Should anyone call (= if anyone calls), please tell them I'm busy.
7. used as the past form of shall when reporting what somebody has said:
e.g. He asked me what time he should come. (= His words were: ‘What time shall I come?’)
(British English, formal) I said (that) I should be glad to help.
8. (British English) used after that when something is suggested or arranged:
e.g. She recommended that I should take some time off.
In order that training should be effective it must be planned systematically.
Ought to
The modal verb ought to has only one form which is used “with reference to the present of future. In reported speech it remains unchanged. Ought is always followed by the infinitive with to.
Ought to has the following meanings:
1. used to say what is the right thing to do:
e.g. They ought to apologize.
‘Ought I to write to say thank you?’ ‘Yes, I think you ought (to).’
They ought to have apologized (= but they didn't).
Such things ought not to be allowed.
He oughtn't to have been driving so fast.
2. used to say what you expect or would like to happen:
e.g. Children ought to be able to read by the age of 7.
Nurses ought to earn more.
3. used to say what you advise or recommend:
e.g. We ought to be leaving now.
This is delicious. You ought to try some.
You ought to have come to the meeting. It was interesting.
4. used to say what has probably happened or is probably true:
e.g. If he started out at nine, he ought to be here by now.
That ought to be enough food for the four of us.
Oughtn't the water to have boiled by now?
Need
Need used to state that something is/was not necessary or that only very little is/was necessary; used to ask if something is/was necessary:
1. need (not) do something:
e.g. You needn't bother asking Rick—I know he's too busy.
I need hardly tell you (= you must already know) that the work is dangerous.
If she wants anything, she need only ask.
All you need bring are sheets.
2. need (not) have done something:
e.g. You needn't have worried (= it was not necessary for you to worry, but you did) —it all turned out fine.
Need you have paid so much?
Exercises:
Elementary
Exercise 1
Read the sentences and choose the correct form.
Exercise 2
Choose should or shouldn't
Exercise 3
Click on the words in the correct order to make positives, negatives and questions with should and shouldn't.
Exercise 4
Choose should or shouldn't
Exrecise 5
Put in order
Exercise 6
Put two phrases together in order to get a small dialogue
Exercise 7
Choose the correct answer below to fill the gap (need, needn't, should)
Choose the right answer
Choose the correct answer
Select the correct verb in each sentence.
Intermediate
Exercise 1
Click on the words in the correct order to make positives, negatives and questions with should and shouldn't.
Exercise 2
Read the explanation on the right then decide wether the example is right or wrong. Put a tick when you think it is correct.
Exercise 3
Choose the right word - multiple choise quiz
Exercise 4
Fill in needn't or mustn't.
Exercise 5
Read the following situations and fill in one of the following verb forms: should, shouldn't, should have, shouldn't have , don't have to, doesn't have to, must, mustn't, must have.
Write sentences to give advice. Use the verb and the information in parentheses.
Choose the best modal for each sentence.
Fill in needn't or mustn't.
Choose the correct answer.
Modal verbs: SHOULD or OUGHT TO? (choose the right word)
Choose should or shouldn't.
Advanced:
Exercise 1
Choose the correct form
Decide whether the modal usage is correct or incorrect.
Select the degree of advisability.
Identify the meaning of should.
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